According to the analysis of Richard Heede at the Climate Accountability Institute (the world's largest leading authority on big energy's role in the climate crises) the investor-owned and state-owned corporations, indicates the oil and coal extracted from the ground and their subsequent emissions are responsible since 1965 for 35% of all energy-related carbon dioxide and methane worldwide. Combined they pumped 480 billion tons of carbon dioxde equivalent (GtCO2e) into the atmosphere.